Network Working Group R. Glenn
Request for Comments: 2410 NIST
Category: Standards Track S. Kent
BBN Corp
November 1998
The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo defines the NULL encryption algorithm and its use with the
IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). NULL does nothing to
alter plaintext data. In fact, NULL, by itself, does nothing. NULL
provides the means for ESP to provide authentication and integrity
without confidentiality.
Further information on the other components necessary for ESP
implementations is provided by [ESP] and [ROAD].
1. IntrodUCtion
This memo defines the NULL encryption algorithm and its use with the
IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload [ESP] to provide authentication
and integrity without confidentiality.
NULL is a block cipher the origins of which appear to be lost in
antiquity. Despite rumors that the National Security Agency
suppressed publication of this algorithm, there is no evidence of
such action on their part. Rather, recent archaeological evidence
suggests that the NULL algorithm was developed in Roman times, as an
eXPortable alternative to Ceaser ciphers. However, because Roman
numerals lack a symbol for zero, written records of the algorithm's
development were lost to historians for over two millennia.
[ESP] specifies the use of an optional encryption algorithm to
provide confidentiality and the use of an optional authentication
algorithm to provide authentication and integrity. The NULL
encryption algorithm is a convenient way to represent the option of
not applying encryption. This is referred to as ESP_NULL in [DOI].
The IPsec Authentication Header [AH] specification provides a similar
service, by computing authentication data which covers the data
portion of a packet as well as the immutable in transit portions of
the IP header. ESP_NULL does not include the IP header in
calculating the authentication data. This can be useful in providing
IPsec services through non-IP network devices. The discussion on how
ESP_NULL might be used with non-IP network devices is outside the
scope of this document.
In this memo, NULL is used within the context of ESP. For further
information on how the various pieces of ESP fit together to provide
security services, refer to [ESP] and [ROAD].
The key Words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Algorithm Definition
NULL is defined mathematically by the use of the Identity function I
applied to a block of data b such that:
NULL(b) = I(b) = b
2.1 Keying Material
Like other modern ciphers, e.g., RC5 [RFC-2040], the NULL encryption
algorithm can make use of keys of varying lengths. However, no
measurable increase in security is afforded by the use of longer key
lengths.
2.2 Cryptographic Synchronization
Because of the stateless nature of the NULL encryption algorithm, it
is not necessary to transmit an IV or similar cryptographic
synchronization data on a per packet (or even a per SA) basis. The
NULL encryption algorithm combines many of the best features of both
block and stream ciphers, while still not requiring the transmission
of an IV or analogous cryptographic synchronization data.
2.3 Padding
NULL has a block size of 1 byte, thus padding is not necessary.
2.4. Performance
The NULL encryption algorithm is significantly faster than other
commonly used symmetric encryption algorithms and implementations of
the base algorithm are available for all commonly used hardware and
OS platforms.
2.5 Test Vectors
The following is a set of test vectors to facilitate in the
development of interoperable NULL implementations.
test_case = 1
data = 0x123456789abcdef
data_len = 8
NULL_data = 0x123456789abcdef
test_case = 2
data = "Network Security People Have A Strange Sense Of Humor"
data_len = 53
NULL_data = "Network Security People Have A Strange Sense Of Humor"
3. ESP_NULL Operational Requirements
ESP_NULL is defined by using NULL within the context of ESP. This
section further defines ESP_NULL by pointing out particular
operational parameter requirements.
For purposes of IKE [IKE] key extraction, the key size for this
algorithm MUST be zero (0) bits, to facilitate interoperability and
to avoid any potential export control problems.
To facilitate interoperability, the IV size for this algorithm MUST
be zero (0) bits.
Padding MAY be included on outgoing packets as specified in [ESP].
4. Security Considerations
The NULL encryption algorithm offers no confidentiality nor does it
offer any other security service. It is simply a convenient way to
represent the optional use of applying encryption within ESP. ESP
can then be used to provide authentication and integrity without
confidentiality. Unlike AH these services are not applied to any
part of the IP header. At the time of this writing there is no
evidence to support that ESP_NULL is any less secure than AH when
using the same authentication algorithm (i.e. a packet secured using
ESP_NULL with some authentication algorithm is as cryptographically
secure as a packet secured using AH with the same authentication
algorithm).
As stated in [ESP], while the use of encryption algorithms and
authentication algorithms are optional in ESP, it is imperative that
an ESP SA specifies the use of at least one cryptographically strong
encryption algorithm or one cryptographically strong authentication
algorithm or one of each.
At the time of this writing there are no known laws preventing the
exportation of NULL with a zero (0) bit key length.
5. Intellectual Property Rights
Pursuant to the provisions of [RFC-2026], the authors represent that
they have disclosed the existence of any proprietary or intellectual
property rights in the contribution that are reasonably and
personally known to the authors. The authors do not represent that
they personally know of all potentially pertinent proprietary and
intellectual property rights owned or claimed by the organizations
they represent or third parties.
6. Acknowledgments
Steve Bellovin suggested and provided the text for the Intellectual
Property Rights section.
Credit also needs to be given to the participants of the Cisco/ICSA
IPsec & IKE March 1998 Interoperability Workshop since it was there
that the need for this document became apparent.
7. References
[ESP] Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security
Payload", RFC2406, November 1998.
[AH] Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header",
RFC2402, November 1998.
[ROAD] Thayer, R., Doraswamy, N., and R. Glenn, "IP Security
Document Roadmap", RFC2411, November 1998.
[DOI] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of
Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC2408, November 1998.
[IKE] Harkins, D., and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC2409, November 1998.
[RFC-2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
3", BCP 9, RFC2026, October 1996.
[RFC-2040] Baldwin, R., and R. Rivest, "The RC5, RC5-CBC, RC5-CBC-
Pad, and RC5-CTS Algorithms", RFC2040, October 1996
[RFC-2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC2119, March 1997.
6. Editors' Addresses
Rob Glenn
NIST
EMail: rob.glenn@nist.gov
Stephen Kent
BBN Corporation
EMail: kent@bbn.com
The IPsec working group can be contacted through the chairs:
Robert Moskowitz
ICSA
EMail: rgm@icsa.net
Ted T'so
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EMail: tytso@mit.edu
7. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
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